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Source Index

The papers and background sources behind these videos. Each entry tells you what kind of evidence it provides.

  1. Kaptchuk TJ. Acupuncture: theory, efficacy, and practice. Ann Intern Med. 2002;136(5):374–383.

    Review of traditional theory

    Used for classical concepts, not for current treatment-effectiveness advice.

    Used in: Acupuncture: The Classical View

  2. Vickers A, Zollman C. ABC of complementary medicine. Acupuncture. BMJ. 1999;319(7215):973–976.

    Review of traditional theory

    Background on qi, meridians, and yin and yang.

    Used in: Acupuncture: The Classical View

  3. Li S. [Development of the connotation of deficiency and excess and acupuncture reinforcing and reducing theory]. Zhongguo Zhen Jiu. 2018;38(3):309–313.

    Historical theory article

    Supplementary context. The English abstract was checked; the full text was not reviewed.

    Used in: Acupuncture: The Classical View

  4. Zhou W, Benharash P. Effects and mechanisms of acupuncture based on the principle of meridians. J Acupunct Meridian Stud. 2014;7(4):190–193.

    Mechanism review

    Provides context for comparing meridians and nerves without treating them as identical.

    Used in: Acupuncture: The Classical View

  5. Liu S, Wang Z, Su Y, et al. A neuroanatomical basis for electroacupuncture to drive the vagal–adrenal axis. Nature. 2021;598:641–645.

    Mouse experiment

    Tests a specific nerve response to low-intensity electroacupuncture.

    Used in: Acupuncture: The Classical View · Acupuncture and Nerve Messages

  6. Liu S, et al. Author Correction: A neuroanatomical basis for electroacupuncture to drive the vagal–adrenal axis. Nature. 2022;601:E9.

    Author correction

    Corrects affiliation information; it does not change the reported findings.

    Used in: Acupuncture: The Classical View · Acupuncture and Nerve Messages

  7. Langevin HM, Churchill DL, Fox JR, Badger GJ, Garra BS, Krag MH. Biomechanical response to acupuncture needling in humans. J Appl Physiol. 2001;91(6):2471–2478.

    Experiment in healthy volunteers

    Measures needle pullout force, not symptom relief.

    Used in: When an Acupuncture Needle Turns

  8. Goldman N, Chen M, Fujita T, et al. Adenosine A1 receptors mediate local anti-nociceptive effects of acupuncture. Nature Neuroscience. 2010;13:883–888.

    Mouse experiment

    Studies adenosine and A1 receptors. The caffeine experiments came later.

    Used in: Acupuncture, Pain Signals, and Caffeine

  9. Fujita T, Feng C, Takano T. Presence of caffeine reversibly interferes with efficacy of acupuncture-induced analgesia. Scientific Reports. 2017;7:3397.

    Mouse experiment

    Tests caffeine exposure and withdrawal in mouse pain models.

    Used in: Acupuncture, Pain Signals, and Caffeine

  10. Cao J, Tu Y, Lang C, et al. Daily Caffeine Consumption Does Not Influence Acupuncture Analgesia in Healthy Individuals: A Preliminary Study. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2021;132:e6–e9.

    Small healthy-volunteer study

    Examines habitual caffeine use. This is not a trial of stopping coffee in patients.

    Used in: Acupuncture, Pain Signals, and Caffeine

  11. Liu K, Cui X, Zhi M, et al. Caffeine Attenuates Electroacupuncture Effect on Pressure Pain Threshold and Tolerance in Healthy Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Frontiers in Neurology. 2022;13:859624.

    Healthy-volunteer trial

    Tests coffee versus juice with outcomes from experimental pain tests.

    Used in: Acupuncture, Pain Signals, and Caffeine

  12. National Cancer Institute. NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms: Inflammation.

    Background definition

    Explains the word inflammation in everyday language.

    Used in: Acupuncture and Nerve Messages

  13. Maeda Y, Kim H, Kettner N, et al. Rewiring the primary somatosensory cortex in carpal tunnel syndrome with acupuncture. Brain. 2017;140(4):914–927.

    Trial in carpal tunnel syndrome

    Studies symptoms, nerve signals, and the brain’s touch map.

    Used in: Acupuncture and the Brain’s Touch Map